Which statement best summarizes interior differences among jovian planets?

All have cores of about the same mass, but differ in the amount of surrounding hydrogen and helium.

The interior differences among jovian planets come from how much light gas versus dense center each one has. All of them share a dense center made of rock and ices, with layers of hydrogen and helium surrounding it. The big variation is how thick the surrounding hydrogen-helium envelope is. This means the planets can have similar core masses, but Jupiter and Saturn have very large hydrogen-helium envelopes, while Uranus and Neptune have much thinner envelopes and proportionally more ices and rocks in their interiors. That’s why the statement that best captures the differences is that their cores are about the same mass, but they differ in how much hydrogen and helium surround them. The other options don’t fit because core mass doesn’t systematically shrink with increasing planet mass, and the major distinguishing factor isn’t a shift from ammonia to methane dominance or from hydrogen to helium dominance in the outer regions.

The core mass decreases with the mass of the planet.

The composition changes from mostly ammonia in Jupiter and Saturn to mostly methane in Uranus and Neptune.

The composition changes from mostly hydrogen in Jupiter and Saturn to mostly helium in Uranus and Neptune.

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